Dogs cannot tell us when they feel sick, so it is up to owners to notice changes. Knowing the signs your dog may be unwell helps you act early, when problems are often easier to treat. This guide covers the most common warning signs, which ones are emergencies and how to build a habit of checking in on your dog.
Know What Is Normal for Your Dog
Every dog is different. The best way to spot a problem is to know your dog’s usual appetite, energy, bathroom habits, sleep and mood. Even small changes that last more than a day or two are worth noticing.
Common Signs Your Dog May Be Unwell
Changes in appetite or thirst
Eating much less, refusing food or suddenly drinking and urinating a lot more than usual can point to a health problem. Rapid weight loss or weight gain also deserves attention.
Low energy or behavior changes
A dog that is unusually tired, hides, seems depressed or becomes irritable may be in pain or feeling ill. Sudden clinginess or reluctance to be touched can also be a sign.
Vomiting or diarrhea
An occasional upset stomach can happen, but repeated vomiting, diarrhea that lasts more than a day, or blood in either one needs a vet call. Puppies and small dogs can become dehydrated quickly.
Coughing, sneezing or breathing changes
A persistent cough, labored breathing, wheezing or fast breathing at rest should be checked by a vet.
Limping, stiffness or trouble moving
Limping, difficulty getting up, or reluctance to climb stairs can point to injury or joint problems. For older dogs, see our guide on senior dog mobility.
Skin, coat, eye and ear changes
- Constant scratching, hair loss, red or flaky skin or a bad smell
- Red, cloudy or watery eyes, or squinting
- Head shaking, ear odor or discharge
Mouth and breath problems
Very bad breath, drooling, red gums or trouble chewing can signal dental disease. Learn more in our dog dental care guide.
Emergency Signs: Call a Vet Right Away
Contact your vet or an emergency clinic immediately if you notice:
- Difficulty breathing or blue, pale or very red gums
- Collapse, seizures or sudden inability to stand
- A swollen, hard belly or repeated unproductive retching
- Suspected poisoning, such as eating chocolate, medication, or other toxins
- Heavy bleeding or a serious injury
- Straining to urinate with little or no urine
If you think your dog swallowed something harmful, do not wait for symptoms. Call a vet or an animal poison control service straight away.
How to Check Your Dog at Home
- Look and feel. Once a week, run your hands over your dog’s body and check for lumps, sore spots or changes in weight.
- Check the eyes, ears and mouth. Look for redness, discharge or odors.
- Watch the basics. Note appetite, water intake, bathroom habits and energy.
- Keep notes. A short record helps your vet understand when a change started.
Prevention Helps
Regular vet check-ups, vaccinations and parasite prevention catch and prevent many problems. A healthy diet also matters, so see our guides on reading a dog food label and how much to feed your dog.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long should I wait before calling the vet?
For emergency signs, call immediately. For milder changes, such as reduced appetite or low energy that lasts more than a day or two, book an appointment. If you are unsure, it is always fine to call and ask.
Can I give my dog human medicine?
No. Many human medicines, including common pain relievers, can be dangerous for dogs. Only use medication prescribed by your vet.
Do puppies and senior dogs need extra care?
Yes. Both can become seriously ill more quickly, so contact your vet sooner. See caring for a senior dog for more.
This article is for general information and is not a substitute for veterinary advice. If you are worried about your dog, contact your vet.
Related Reading
- Dog Dental Care: How to Keep Your Dog’s Teeth Clean
- Senior Dog Mobility: How to Help Your Older Dog Move Comfortably
- How Much to Feed Your Dog: A Simple Portion Guide
For more pet health information, see the American Veterinary Medical Association. If you are worried about your dog, always contact your vet.